Jacques Derrida: Deconstruction

This blog serves as a response to a task given by Dilip Barad sir, Department of English at MKBU. It delves into Derrida's theory of deconstruction. For Further Info Click Here.

Jacques Derrida

1.1. • Why is it difficult to define Deconstruction?

It is not that only Deconstruction is difficult to describe but Derrida argues that everything id difficult to define. Because when one tries to define something that very definition of the defined object becomes questionable, now this is the theory of deconstruction when one tries to define the theory it self it becomes problematic.

1.2. • Is Deconstruction a negative term?

No, It is not. Deconstruction does not mean to destroy something but it is to inquire the foundation the philosophy. In that inquiry one has to study every element in particular language minutely.

1.3. • How does Deconstruction happen on its own?

This concept is quite difficult to understand for me. But I try to define it by what I got from the video. So when we try to inquire something that is in the language and in that foundational inquiry one has to dig deeper to find out the hidden meaning of the language, one has to decode the written text. When one does that Deconstruction happens on its own.

2.1. • The influence of Heidegger on Derrida

Heidegger was the one from whom the deconstruction theory gets influenced. Because he questioned the western philosophy and argued that man is not the centre of the speech but language is. he said that language plays vital role in what people say.

2.2. • Derridean rethinking of the foundations of Western philosophy

Derrida thought that western philosophy is all about the ideas about ideas. He argues that western philosophy has not given importance to being of being. He argues that wester philosophy has given more importance to the words rather then the real thing itself.

3.1. • Ferdinand de Saussureian concept of language (that meaning is arbitrary, relational, constitutive)

Ferdinand de Saussure argues that language arbitrary means that every word has its given meaning. It is just a random word that is used to describe something. He also pointed out that the word has its relational with the situation then one can get meaning out of that. For example the word Duster has two significance one is inside the classroom the object that is used to rub the board and the second is a car model that is produced by the Nissan company. So when we understand the word and its meaning it is situational it is where we use that word. In what context one uses that word that becomes more significant.

3.2. • How Derrida deconstructs the idea of arbitrariness?

In his concept of arbitrariness Ferdinand de Saussure argues that one gives one meaning to the word for oneself. Derrida argues that any word if we see it does not have any meaning. For example in the dictionary to explain a certain word there are other similar words but there is perfect meaning of that word. In that concept we do not get any meaning from the word but we just pretend that we understand the word. but in finding the meaning of any particular word there is always a postponing of the meaning of particular word.

3.3. • Concept of metaphysics of presence

In this Concept of Metaphysics of presence Derrida argues that western philosophy is about the present, It takes the presence of any particular thing as the proof of that the thing exists. By doing that one makes the things inferior that is not present. To explain this concept he gives an example of woman that how the women are seen that that there is absence of manliness. So the language is based on the negative opposition or binary opposition. When we want to know white, one has to know that there is black and which is not white that is black. In that understanding through language many things are privileged and other things are seen inferior to something else.

4.1. • Derridean concept of DifferAnce

In western philosophy the speech is considered more present way of communication than the writing, because it can be done actively. When speaker and listener both are present. Derrida points out that some words like "DifferAnce" can only be understood or differentiated when written, in speaking that can not be done. So the word is a pun to prove that writing can be considered as the more significance tool of communication than the speech.

4.2. • Infinite play of meaning

In the video speaker tries to simplify this concept through the example of the dictionary. When one looks into the dictionary to find the meaning of the word there are other similar words not the meaning of that particular word. So there is infinite loop  of postponing the meaning. Derrida argues there are no particular meaning of the word. It is an illusion that one believes that one understands the word.

4.3. • DIfferAnce = to differ + to defer

Through this word Derrida make a pun that whenever one communicates there is differentiation of the words that make meaning of the communication. In that communication the word "differ" and "defer" can be differentiated when written or spelled, otherwise those are the same word. He tries to give more emphases in written language unlike traditional western philosophy that gives more importance to spoken language.

5.1. • Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences

While discussing the anthropology of Claude Lévi-Strauss, Derrida argues that the language itself is the problematic, when one tries to critique other text the critique itself becomes the open for criticism. According to Derrida language does not have a center than whatever the arguments or discussion happens it is always asks for the further discussion. So ultimately the Deconstruction theory itself seeks criticism of oneself because it is using the language.

5.2. • Explain: "Language bears within itself the necessity of its own critique."

As Derrida pointed out that there is always a postponed meaning in the language. So when any theory is applied or critique is done with the use of language it can not be done without the language. And language is uncapable of giving the final meaning, so it requires further explanations and never ending chain of postponed meaning begins. So when to language is used there is always a possibility for further critique.

6.1. • The Yale School: the hub of the practitioners of Deconstruction in the literary theories

The theory of Deconstruction was the philosophical aspect but when it was practiced at the Yale University it enters in the field of literature and comes out as a idea of "The Yale School". They focused on the metaphor that are used in the literature . According o the scholar at Yale School that the literature can have the multiple meaning. School also question the the Romanticism, in which subjectivity is transcended into objectivity as in the poetry of Romanticism. scholars asked that that can be read in different ways too, it is up to the reader to get meaning from that.

6.2. • The characteristics of the Yale School of Deconstruction

1. Seeing literature as Metaphor

2. Preoccupation with Romanticism

3. Historical and sociologist approach to literature

7.1. • How other schools like New Historicism, Cultural Materialism, Feminism, Marxism and Postcolonial theorists used Deconstruction?

New Historicism used the Derridean theories to identify the textuality of history and the history of the text because the language itself also reflects the history and the language is the proof of history and without language history can not be written.

Cultural materialism finds the materiality of language in this theory, through that different cultures can be studies through the language.

Feminism finds the binary opposition and the patriarchy in the language system that provides wider way to understand the privileged language.

Post colonial finds the text that is written by the masters, the rulers what type of language they used to describe the history of colonies.

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The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is a novella that delves into the duality of human nature. Written in 1886, it has since become a classic in English literature, renowned for its exploration of the battle between good and evil within the human soul. This blog will explore the story's plot, characters, themes, title significance, background, moral, and narrative technique, while also providing some insights into the life of its author.

Author Information

Robert Louis Stevenson was born on November 13, 1850, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was a prolific writer, best known for his novels "Treasure Island," "Kidnapped," and "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." Stevenson's works often reflect his interest in human psychology and the moral struggles individuals face. His own struggles with health and his nomadic lifestyle greatly influenced his writing. Stevenson spent much of his later life traveling, eventually settling in Samoa, where he passed away on December 3, 1894.

Plot Summary

The story begins with Mr. Gabriel John Utterson, a lawyer, and friend to Dr. Henry Jekyll, becoming concerned about the will of his friend, which strangely leaves all his possessions to a Mr. Edward Hyde. Utterson's concern deepens when he hears about a violent incident involving Hyde, who tramples a young girl. As Utterson investigates further, he learns of Hyde's connection to Jekyll and suspects blackmail.

As the plot progresses, Utterson discovers that Jekyll and Hyde are the same person. Dr. Jekyll, a respected scientist, concocts a potion that transforms him into Mr. Hyde, allowing him to indulge in immoral acts without tarnishing his own name. Eventually, Hyde becomes uncontrollable, and Jekyll finds it increasingly difficult to revert to his original form. The story reaches its climax when Utterson and another friend, Dr. Hastie Lanyon, break into Jekyll’s laboratory and find Hyde dead, having committed suicide. A letter from Jekyll reveals the full truth, explaining his experiments and the resulting tragedy.

Characters

1. Dr. Henry Jekyll: A respected doctor and scientist who creates a potion to separate his good and evil sides. His experiments lead to the creation of Mr. Hyde, his malevolent alter ego.

2. Mr. Edward Hyde: The embodiment of Dr. Jekyll's darker impulses. Hyde is violent, cruel, and unrestrained, representing the pure evil that exists within Jekyll.

3. Mr. Gabriel John Utterson: A lawyer and close friend of Dr. Jekyll who becomes suspicious of Hyde and seeks to uncover the truth. He is the story's main protagonist.

4. Dr. Hastie Lanyon: A friend and colleague of Dr. Jekyll who is horrified by Jekyll's experiments. His shock at witnessing the transformation leads to his death.

5. Mr. Poole: Dr. Jekyll's loyal butler who assists Utterson in discovering the truth about Jekyll and Hyde.

6. Sir Danvers Carew: A well-respected gentleman who becomes a victim of Hyde's brutality, highlighting the extreme danger Hyde represents.

Themes

1. Duality of Human Nature: The central theme of the novella is the dual nature of humanity. Stevenson explores how every individual harbors both good and evil within themselves. Dr. Jekyll's experiments and transformation into Mr. Hyde illustrate this duality vividly.

2. Good vs. Evil: The struggle between good and evil is personified in the characters of Jekyll and Hyde. Jekyll represents the moral and socially acceptable side of a person, while Hyde embodies the immoral and destructive impulses.

3. The Limits of Scientific Exploration: Stevenson raises questions about the ethical boundaries of scientific experimentation. Dr. Jekyll's pursuit of separating his dual nature through science leads to disastrous consequences, suggesting that some aspects of human nature should remain unexplored.

4. The Victorian Society and Repression: The novella also reflects the repressive nature of Victorian society, where individuals were often forced to conceal their darker impulses and desires. Jekyll's transformation into Hyde represents an escape from societal constraints.

Title Significance

The title "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" is significant as it encapsulates the mystery and intrigue surrounding the dual identities of Jekyll and Hyde. The word "strange" emphasizes the unusual and extraordinary nature of the events, while "case" suggests a legal or medical investigation. This title immediately informs the reader that the story involves a peculiar and complex situation that requires unraveling.

Background

Stevenson wrote the novella during a time when there was significant interest in the study of human psychology and the concept of the duality of the self. The 19th century saw the rise of psychological theories that explored the conscious and unconscious mind, as well as the conflict between an individual's public persona and hidden desires. Stevenson's own fascination with these ideas, combined with his vivid imagination, resulted in a story that resonated deeply with readers of his time and continues to do so today.

The novella was also influenced by the gothic literary tradition, which emphasizes dark, mysterious, and supernatural elements. Stevenson's depiction of the foggy, eerie streets of London and the sinister transformation of Dr. Jekyll into Mr. Hyde are quintessentially gothic, adding to the novella's haunting atmosphere.

Moral of the Story

The moral of "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" can be interpreted in several ways:

1. The Danger of Unchecked Ambition: Dr. Jekyll's ambition to separate his good and evil sides through scientific means ultimately leads to his downfall. The story serves as a cautionary tale about the perils of overreaching in the pursuit of knowledge and power.

2. The Importance of Accepting One's Whole Self: The novella suggests that attempting to deny or suppress aspects of one's personality can have destructive consequences. Jekyll's refusal to acknowledge and integrate his darker impulses results in the uncontrollable emergence of Hyde.

3. The Inevitability of Consequences: Every action has consequences, and the novella illustrates that trying to escape these consequences by creating a separate identity is futile. Jekyll's actions as Hyde ultimately catch up with him, leading to his tragic end.

Narrative Technique

1. Multiple Perspectives: The novella is primarily narrated from the perspective of Mr. Utterson, but it also includes letters and testimonies from other characters, such as Dr. Lanyon and Dr. Jekyll. This multi-perspective approach allows readers to piece together the story gradually, heightening the sense of mystery.

2. First-Person Narration: The use of first-person narratives, particularly in Dr. Lanyon's and Dr. Jekyll's letters, provides an intimate glimpse into the characters' thoughts and feelings, making the revelations more impactful.

3. Gothic Elements: Stevenson's descriptive language and atmospheric setting contribute to the gothic tone of the novella. The dark, foggy streets of London and the eerie, hidden laboratory create a sense of foreboding and tension.

4. Symbolism: The transformation of Dr. Jekyll into Mr. Hyde serves as a powerful symbol of the duality of human nature. Hyde's physical appearance, smaller and more sinister than Jekyll's, symbolizes the way evil can consume and diminish a person.

'The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' remains a timeless and compelling exploration of human nature. Robert Louis Stevenson's novella captures the complexities of the human psyche, the struggle between good and evil, and the consequences of unchecked ambition and scientific experimentation. Through its memorable characters, gothic atmosphere, and profound themes, the story continues to resonate with readers, offering valuable insights into the duality that exists within us all.

Stevenson's masterful narrative technique, combined with his deep understanding of human nature, ensures that "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" will remain a significant work in the literary canon. Its exploration of the darker aspects of the human soul and the moral questions it raises are as relevant today as they were in the 19th century, making it a story that will continue to be studied, analyzed, and appreciated for generations to come.

Quality by John Galsworthy

'Quality' is a short story written by John Galsworthy that delves into the life of a dedicated shoemaker and his struggle to maintain his craftsmanship in a rapidly industrializing world. Galsworthy, a renowned British writer, used this story to highlight the importance of quality and dedication to one's craft, themes that resonate deeply with readers.

Writer's Information

John Galsworthy (1867-1933) was a prominent English novelist and playwright, best known for his series of novels collectively called "The Forsyte Saga." He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932 for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in "The Forsyte Saga." Galsworthy's works often reflect his concern with social issues and his desire to depict the life and struggles of the common man.

Plot Summary

The story is narrated by a customer of the Gessler brothers, who are skilled shoemakers. The Gessler brothers, particularly the elder, are passionate about their craft, producing shoes of the highest quality. However, they struggle to compete with larger, industrialized manufacturers who can produce shoes more quickly and cheaply. Over the years, the narrator observes the decline of the Gessler brothers' business despite their unwavering commitment to quality. The story ends on a poignant note, highlighting the cost of maintaining high standards in a world driven by profit and mass production.

Characters

1. Narrator: The unnamed narrator serves as a loyal customer and admirer of the Gessler brothers. Through his eyes, we see the dedication and struggle of the shoemakers.

2. Mr. Gessler (Elder Brother): The elder Gessler is the embodiment of dedication and craftsmanship. His entire life is devoted to making high-quality shoes, and he takes great pride in his work.

3. Mr. Gessler (Younger Brother): Although less prominently featured, the younger Gessler shares his brother's passion for shoemaking. He too is deeply committed to the craft.

Themes

1. Dedication to Craftsmanship: The primary theme of "Quality" is the dedication to one's craft. The Gessler brothers represent artisans who take immense pride in their work, focusing on the quality of their products rather than profit.

2. Struggle Against Industrialization: The story contrasts the high-quality, hand-made shoes of the Gessler brothers with the mass-produced shoes of larger manufacturers. It highlights the challenges faced by small artisans in an industrialized economy.

3. Integrity and Pride: The Gessler brothers maintain their integrity and pride in their work despite the financial difficulties they face. Their commitment to quality remains unwavering until the end.

4. The Cost of Quality: The story also explores the personal and financial costs of maintaining high standards. The Gessler brothers' refusal to compromise on quality leads to their eventual downfall, highlighting the sacrifices made by true craftsmen.

Title Significance

The title "Quality" is significant because it encapsulates the essence of the Gessler brothers' lives and work. It reflects their commitment to producing shoes of the highest quality, a standard they refuse to compromise even in the face of financial hardship. The title also serves as a critique of a society that values quantity and profit over quality and craftsmanship.

Background

John Galsworthy wrote "Quality" during a time when industrialization was rapidly changing the economic landscape. The rise of factories and mass production threatened the livelihood of skilled artisans who could not compete with the lower prices and faster production times of larger manufacturers. Galsworthy, who was known for his social conscience, used the story to shed light on the struggles of small craftsmen and the value of maintaining high standards.

Moral of the Story

The moral of "Quality" is a poignant reminder of the importance of dedication, integrity, and the pursuit of excellence. It encourages readers to appreciate the true value of craftsmanship and to recognize the sacrifices made by those who refuse to compromise on quality. The story also serves as a critique of a society that prioritizes profit over the well-being and artistry of individuals.

Narrative Technique

Galsworthy employs a first-person narrative technique, allowing the story to be told from the perspective of a loyal customer. This approach creates a sense of intimacy and respect for the Gessler brothers, as the narrator provides a personal account of their dedication and struggles. The use of detailed descriptions and a reflective tone enhances the emotional impact of the story, making the reader more invested in the fate of the characters.

Analysis

Craftsmanship vs. Commercialization

One of the central conflicts in "Quality" is the clash between craftsmanship and commercialization. The Gessler brothers symbolize the old world of artisans who took immense pride in their work. Every shoe they made was a testament to their skills and dedication. In contrast, the industrial manufacturers represent the new world, where the primary focus is on speed, efficiency, and profit. This theme is particularly relevant today, as we continue to grapple with the tension between handmade and mass-produced goods.

The Gessler Brothers' Dedication

The elder Gessler's dedication is depicted in several poignant scenes. For instance, when the narrator returns to the shop after many years, he finds the elder Gessler still immersed in his work, despite the obvious signs of struggle. This dedication is further emphasized when the elder Gessler explains the meticulous process of making a single pair of shoes. His hands-on approach, the careful selection of materials, and the attention to detail are all indicative of a craftsman who lives and breathes his trade.

The Impact of Industrialization

The impact of industrialization on the Gessler brothers' business is a slow and painful decline. Despite the superior quality of their shoes, they are unable to compete with the lower prices and faster production times of factory-made shoes. This struggle is evident in the narrator’s observations over the years. The brothers’ shop, once bustling with activity, becomes quieter and emptier. The story poignantly captures the inevitable decline of traditional craftsmanship in the face of industrial progress.

The Personal Cost of Maintaining Quality

Galsworthy also explores the personal cost of maintaining high standards. The Gessler brothers' refusal to compromise on quality leads to their financial ruin. They lose customers who are drawn to cheaper, mass-produced shoes. The elder Gessler’s physical appearance deteriorates over time, a reflection of the toll that constant work and financial stress take on his health. The younger Gessler’s death and the elder brother’s subsequent solitary struggle highlight the sacrifices made by true craftsmen in a world that values profit over quality.

Integrity and Pride

Despite their hardships, the Gessler brothers never lose their integrity or pride in their work. This unwavering commitment is both their greatest strength and their tragic flaw. They embody the ideal of the artisan who values the quality of his work above all else. This integrity is ultimately what makes their story so moving. The narrator's admiration and respect for the brothers underscore the theme of the nobility of true craftsmanship.

The Role of the Narrator

The narrator plays a crucial role in "Quality." His admiration for the Gessler brothers and his detailed observations provide a window into their world. The first-person perspective allows readers to connect with the story on a personal level. The narrator’s reflections on his interactions with the Gesslers highlight the contrast between the world of craftsmanship and the world of mass production. His loyalty as a customer and his sorrow at their decline make the story’s themes more poignant.

The Ending

The ending of "Quality" is deeply moving and reflective. The narrator returns to find the elder Gessler alone, still dedicated to his craft despite the obvious signs of struggle. When the narrator learns of the younger Gessler’s death and sees the elder Gessler's deteriorating condition, it is a heartbreaking moment. The final revelation that the elder Gessler has also passed away, leaving behind a legacy of unmatched craftsmanship, is a poignant commentary on the cost of maintaining high standards in a world that does not always value them.

"Quality" by John Galsworthy is a timeless story that continues to resonate with readers due to its exploration of themes such as dedication to craftsmanship, the impact of industrialization, and the personal cost of maintaining high standards. Through the Gessler brothers, Galsworthy portrays the nobility of true artisanship and the tragic consequences of a world increasingly driven by profit and mass production. The story’s first-person narrative, reflective tone, and detailed descriptions create a powerful and emotional reading experience. As we continue to navigate a world where the balance between quality and quantity is ever more tenuous, "Quality" serves as a poignant reminder of the value of dedication, integrity, and the pursuit of excellence.

'The Postmaster' by Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore, the first non-European Nobel laureate in Literature, is known for his profound and versatile literary works. One of his most beloved short stories is "The Postmaster." Written in simple yet evocative language, this story captures the essence of human relationships and the pain of unfulfilled attachments. "The Postmaster" is a poignant narrative that resonates deeply with readers, touching on themes of loneliness, love, and the bittersweet nature of human connections.

Writer's Information

Rabindranath Tagore was born on May 7, 1861, in Calcutta, India, into a prominent Bengali family. A polymath, Tagore was a poet, novelist, playwright, composer, and philosopher. His literary career spanned over sixty years, during which he produced an impressive body of work that includes poetry, short stories, novels, plays, and essays. Tagore's profound influence on Bengali literature and music, as well as his contributions to Indian and world literature, earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for his collection of poems, "Gitanjali."

Tagore's writing often reflects a deep empathy for human suffering and an appreciation for the beauty of the natural world. He was a proponent of social reform and had a significant impact on education and cultural renaissance in India.

Plot Summary

"The Postmaster" is set in a small village called Ulapur, where the protagonist, a young postmaster from Calcutta, has been transferred. The story begins with the postmaster's struggles to adapt to the rural environment. Used to the bustling life of the city, he finds it difficult to connect with the villagers and feels a deep sense of isolation.

The only person who provides him with some companionship is Ratan, an orphaned village girl who does odd jobs for him. Ratan develops a deep affection for the postmaster, viewing him as a father figure. She eagerly assists him with his chores and learns to read and write from him.

Despite the budding bond between them, the postmaster's longing for his home and familiar city life grows stronger. Eventually, he falls ill and, feeling even more isolated, decides to request a transfer back to Calcutta. When his request is denied, he resigns from his job and prepares to leave the village.

Ratan is heartbroken when she learns of his departure. She hopes that he will take her with him, but the postmaster, oblivious to her emotional attachment, dismisses the idea. He leaves the village, and Ratan is left behind, devastated and alone.

Characters

1. The Postmaster: A young man from Calcutta who finds himself in a rural village, struggling with isolation and homesickness. His character reflects the urban-rural divide and the difficulty of adjusting to an unfamiliar environment.

2. Ratan: An orphaned village girl who forms an emotional bond with the postmaster. Her character embodies innocence, loyalty, and the pain of unreciprocated affection.

Themes

1. Loneliness and Isolation: The postmaster's experience in the village highlights the universal theme of loneliness. Despite being surrounded by people, he feels isolated due to the cultural and social differences between him and the villagers.

2. Human Connection and Detachment: The story explores the fragile nature of human connections. While Ratan forms a deep emotional bond with the postmaster, he remains detached, viewing her as merely a temporary companion in his time of need.

3. Urban vs. Rural Life: The contrast between the postmaster's city life and the rural setting of Ulapur underscores the challenges of adapting to a different lifestyle and environment.

4. Unfulfilled Desires and Emotional Pain: Ratan's unfulfilled desire to be with the postmaster and her subsequent pain highlight the theme of unreciprocated love and the emotional turmoil it brings.

Title Significance

The title "The Postmaster" is significant as it centers the story around the protagonist's role and identity. The postmaster's position in the village is not just a job but a symbol of his transient presence and his ultimate detachment from the rural life and people around him. It underscores the temporary nature of his stay in Ulapur and the superficial connections he forms there.

Background

"The Postmaster" was written by Rabindranath Tagore during the late 19th century, a time when India was under British colonial rule. The story reflects the socio-cultural dynamics of rural Bengal and the impact of colonial administration on Indian society. Tagore’s experiences and observations of rural life, combined with his empathy for the common people, are evident in the story's realistic portrayal of village life and human emotions.

Tagore's own life, marked by frequent travel and a deep connection to both urban and rural settings, influenced his depiction of the postmaster’s struggles and Ratan’s innocence. The story is part of Tagore's larger body of work that often explores the complexities of human relationships and the intersection of different worlds.

Moral of the Story

The moral of "The Postmaster" lies in its exploration of human relationships and the pain of emotional disconnection. It teaches us about the transient nature of life and the importance of empathy and understanding in human interactions. The postmaster's inability to recognize and reciprocate Ratan’s affection serves as a reminder of the impact our actions and decisions can have on others. The story encourages readers to be mindful of the emotional needs of those around them and to value genuine human connections.

Narrative Technique

Tagore employs a simple yet evocative narrative technique in "The Postmaster." The third-person omniscient point of view allows readers to gain insight into the thoughts and feelings of both the postmaster and Ratan. This perspective creates a sense of empathy and understanding for both characters, despite their different emotional experiences.

The story's language is straightforward, reflecting the simplicity of rural life and the purity of Ratan's emotions. Tagore’s use of descriptive imagery brings the village of Ulapur to life, immersing readers in the natural beauty and tranquility of the setting. The narrative's pacing is slow and reflective, mirroring the gradual development of the bond between the postmaster and Ratan and the eventual heartbreak that ensues.

Conclusion

"The Postmaster" by Rabindranath Tagore is a timeless story that continues to resonate with readers due to its universal themes and emotional depth. Through the experiences of the postmaster and Ratan, Tagore captures the complexities of human relationships and the pain of unfulfilled desires. The story's simple yet powerful narrative, combined with its evocative depiction of rural life, makes it a poignant exploration of loneliness, love, and the bittersweet nature of human connections.

I Want to Know Why by Sherwood Anderson

Sherwood Anderson's short story "I Want to Know Why" is a compelling exploration of youthful innocence, disillusionment, and the complexities of human nature. Published in 1921 as part of his collection "The Triumph of the Egg," this story stands out for its introspective narrative and poignant themes. Anderson, known for his modernist approach and psychological insight, crafts a tale that resonates deeply with readers, making it a timeless piece of American literature.

Writer's Information

Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941) was an influential American writer who played a significant role in the development of modernist literature. Born in Camden, Ohio, Anderson's early life was marked by poverty and instability, experiences that profoundly shaped his writing. He is best known for his short story cycle "Winesburg, Ohio," which examines the inner lives of small-town inhabitants. Anderson's work is characterized by its focus on psychological realism, introspection, and the complexities of human emotions.

Plot Summary

"I Want to Know Why" is narrated by an unnamed fifteen-year-old boy from Beckersville, Kentucky. The story begins with his passion for horses, a fascination that leads him and his friends to travel to Saratoga Springs to witness a horse race. The narrator's admiration for the horses and the trainers is palpable, especially his hero-worship of Jerry Tillford, a renowned trainer.

After the race, the boys follow Tillford to a hotel, hoping to glean more about the world of horse racing. However, the narrator is shattered when he sees Tillford drunk and in the company of a prostitute. This discovery conflicts with the narrator's idealized image of the trainer, leading him to question the nature of goodness and the complexity of human behavior.

Characters

1. The Narrator: A fifteen-year-old boy whose innocent perspective and passion for horses drive the narrative. His journey from admiration to disillusionment forms the crux of the story.

2. Jerry Tillford: A famous horse trainer idolized by the narrator. Tillford’s fall from grace in the narrator's eyes symbolizes the harsh realities of adulthood and the complexity of human nature.

3. The Narrator’s Friends: Accompany the narrator to Saratoga Springs, sharing his enthusiasm for horse racing but serving mainly as background characters in the story.

Themes

1. Innocence and Disillusionment: Central to the story is the narrator's journey from innocent admiration to painful disillusionment. His idealization of Tillford is shattered by the trainer’s moral failings, reflecting a loss of innocence and a deeper understanding of human complexity.

2. The Complexity of Human Nature: Anderson explores the multifaceted nature of humanity, highlighting the coexistence of admirable qualities and moral flaws within individuals. Tillford's duality as a skilled trainer and a flawed man exemplifies this theme.

3. The Quest for Understanding: The narrator’s repeated plea, "I want to know why," underscores a universal human desire to make sense of the world and its moral ambiguities. This theme resonates with readers, reflecting the often elusive nature of truth and understanding.

4. Idealization vs. Reality: The story delves into the dangers of idealizing people, as the narrator's perception of Tillford is built on an unrealistic pedestal. The harsh confrontation with reality teaches a valuable lesson about the complexities and imperfections inherent in everyone.

Title Significance

The title "I Want to Know Why" encapsulates the narrator's quest for understanding and the story's central theme. It reflects the universal human desire to comprehend the motivations and actions of others, especially when they contradict our expectations and ideals. This poignant phrase serves as a lens through which the entire narrative is viewed, emphasizing the narrator's struggle to reconcile his admiration with the harsh realities he encounters.

Background

Written in the early 20th century, a period marked by significant social and cultural shifts, "I Want to Know Why" reflects Anderson's modernist inclinations. The story's introspective nature and focus on individual experience are characteristic of modernist literature, which sought to capture the complexities of the human psyche and the fragmented nature of reality. Anderson's own experiences and observations of human behavior in small-town America profoundly influenced his writing, imbuing his stories with authenticity and psychological depth.

Moral of the Story

The moral of "I Want to Know Why" lies in its exploration of the painful but necessary transition from innocence to a more nuanced understanding of the world. It teaches that idealization can lead to disillusionment and that recognizing the complexity and imperfection of human nature is essential for personal growth. The story also underscores the importance of seeking understanding, even when answers are difficult or uncomfortable to confront.

Narrative Technique

Anderson employs a first-person narrative technique, allowing readers to experience the story through the eyes of the young narrator. This perspective creates an intimate and immediate connection with the protagonist, drawing readers into his emotional journey. The use of simple, direct language reflects the narrator's youthful innocence, while the introspective nature of the narrative provides psychological depth. Anderson's minimalist style and focus on internal experience are hallmarks of his modernist approach, enhancing the story's impact and resonance.

Conclusion

'I Want to Know Why' by Sherwood Anderson is a masterful exploration of youthful innocence, disillusionment, and the complexities of human nature. Through the eyes of a fifteen-year-old boy, Anderson delves into themes of idealization, the quest for understanding, and the multifaceted nature of humanity. The story's enduring relevance lies in its universal themes and the profound psychological insights it offers. As a testament to Anderson's literary prowess, "I Want to Know Why" continues to captivate and resonate with readers, inviting them to reflect on their own journeys of understanding and self-discovery.

The Black Cat

The Black Cat

The short story "The Black Cat" was written by American author Edgar Allan Poe. It was originally printed in The Saturday Evening Post on August 19, 1843. 

Edgar Allan Poe:

Edgar Allan Poe, also known as Edgar Poe, was an American writer, poet, author, editor, and literary critic who lived from January 19, 1809, to October 7, 1849. His most famous works are his short stories and poems, especially the macabre and mystery genres. He is recognized by many as a key character in American literature, particularly in the fields of Gothic and Romanticism in the United States.Poe is credited with creating the detective fiction subgenre and making a substantial contribution to the nascent science fiction subgenre. He was also among the nation's first short story writers.He is the first well-known American writer to support himself only via his writing, which has led to a challenging life and career in terms of money.

The story's unidentified narrator loves animals dearly until he bizarrely starts mistreating them. The narrator punishes his beloved black pet cat, who bit him one night, by chopping off its eye and hanging it from a tree. The house burns down, but the burnt outline of a cat hanging from a noose is visible on one wall that survives. Soon after, he discovers another black cat that is identical to the first save for a white patch on its breast, but he also grows to detest it.

In his basement, he hides the body behind a brick wall. When the narrator taps on the wall and hears a screeching sound, the police arrive shortly after and discover not only the wife's body but also the black cat that had become inadvertently walled in with it and alerted them with its cry.

Edgar Allan Poe, a master of macabre and gothic literature, has left an indelible mark on the world of short stories. One of his most chilling works, "The Black Cat," delves deep into the human psyche, unraveling the dark recesses of guilt, paranoia, and madness. Published in 1843, this story is a quintessential example of Poe's ability to intertwine horror with psychological complexity.

Characters

1. The Narrator: The unreliable narrator of the story whose descent into madness drives the plot. Initially presented as a loving husband and pet owner, his personality deteriorates under the influence of alcohol and guilt.  

2. Pluto: The narrator's first black cat, who is a symbol of his guilt and subsequent madness. The cat's mutilation and death mark the turning points in the narrator’s descent into violence and paranoia.

3. The Second Black Cat: Similar to Pluto but with a white mark, this cat represents the narrator's inescapable guilt and the supernatural retribution for his sins. 

4. The Narrator’s Wife: A passive character who suffers the brunt of her husband's escalating violence, ultimately becoming a victim of his madness.

Themes

1. Guilt and Paranoia: Central to the story is the narrator’s overwhelming guilt for his violent actions, symbolized by the black cats. His paranoia intensifies as he projects his fear and guilt onto the second cat, leading to further irrational actions.

2. The Unreliable Narrator: Poe expertly uses an unreliable narrator to blur the lines between reality and hallucination. The narrator's skewed perspective challenges readers to discern the truth behind his confessions.

3. Supernatural and Psychological Horror: The story melds elements of the supernatural with psychological horror, creating a chilling atmosphere. The second black cat appears almost as a supernatural avenger, heightening the narrator’s fear and paranoia.

4. Violence and Retribution: Violence begets violence in Poe’s narrative. The narrator’s initial act of cruelty towards Pluto sets off a chain reaction of retribution that culminates in his ultimate downfall.

Title Significance

The title "The Black Cat" is significant on multiple levels. The black cat, a traditional symbol of bad luck and superstition, embodies the narrator's guilt and the sinister aspects of his psyche. The presence of not one but two black cats in the story underscores the theme of inescapable guilt and the consequences of one’s actions.

Background

Edgar Allan Poe wrote "The Black Cat" during a tumultuous period in his life. Struggling with personal and financial difficulties, Poe infused the story with his own experiences of psychological distress and the destructive nature of substance abuse. The story reflects his fascination with the human mind's dark side and the consequences of succumbing to one’s baser instincts.

Moral of the Story

The moral of "The Black Cat" centers around the destructive power of guilt and the inevitability of retribution. Poe illustrates how unchecked guilt can lead to madness and how attempts to bury one’s sins only result in their eventual, and often more horrifying, exposure. The narrator’s downfall serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of violence and the inescapable nature of one’s conscience.

Narrative Technique

Poe employs a first-person narrative technique, allowing readers to witness the story through the eyes of the unreliable narrator. This perspective creates a sense of intimacy and immediacy, drawing readers into the narrator’s disturbed mind. The use of detailed, sensory descriptions enhances the story's eerie atmosphere, while the confessional tone adds a layer of psychological depth.

The Heathen

The short story "The Heathen" was written by American author Jack London. It appeared for the first time in Everybody's Magazine in August 1910[1]. Later, it was included in two story collections published by London: South Sea Tales (Macmillan, 1911) and The Strength of the Strong (Macmillan, 1914).In the story, two people, from different cultural and racial backgrounds, are the only survivors of a ship that encounters a hurricane in the Pacific, and they remain together.

Jack London

Jack London, born John Griffith Chaney on January 12, 1876, and died on November 22, 1916, was an American writer known for his novels, journalism, and activism. He was one of the first American authors to gain international fame and wealth from his writing, and he helped pioneer modern science fiction.

JackLondon

London was involved with a radical literary group in San Francisco called "The Crowd" and was a strong supporter of animal rights, workers' rights, and socialism. He explored these themes in his works like the dystopian novel *The Iron Heel* and the non-fiction book *The People of the Abyss*.

Some of his most famous works are *The Call of the Wild* and *White Fang*, which are set in Alaska and the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush. He also wrote well-known short stories such as "To Build a Fire," "An Odyssey of the North," and "Love of Life," as well as stories about the South Pacific like "The Pearls of Parlay" and "The Heathen.

Jack London, a master of adventure and naturalism, gifted readers with numerous tales that capture the raw essence of human spirit and nature's unforgiving realm. Among his diverse body of work, the short story "The Heathen" stands out for its compelling narrative and rich thematic content. This blog will delve into the intricacies of "The Heathen," exploring its characters, themes, title significance, background, moral, and narrative technique.

Background

'The Heathen' was first published in 1909, during a time when Jack London was deeply engaged in writing about the South Pacific. This period marked a shift from his more well-known tales set in the Arctic wilderness, such as *The Call of the Wild* and *White Fang*. Inspired by his own voyages across the Pacific, London penned stories that reflected the exotic locales and the diverse cultures he encountered. "The Heathen" is a product of this inspiration, offering a glimpse into the life and landscapes of the South Seas.

Plot Summary

The Heathen" follows the journey of two characters, Charley and Otoo, as they navigate the treacherous waters of the South Pacific. Charley, an American adventurer, and Otoo, a native islander, form a bond that transcends racial and cultural barriers. Their friendship is tested by a series of harrowing events, including a shipwreck, survival on a deserted island, and encounters with hostile natives.

Characters

Charley: The protagonist and narrator of the story, Charley is a typical London hero—rugged, adventurous, and pragmatic. His character represents the Western ideals of individualism and bravery.

Otoo: The titular "heathen," Otoo is Charley's loyal companion. Despite being labeled a heathen due to his native background and beliefs, Otoo displays noble qualities such as loyalty, intelligence, and bravery, challenging the prejudiced notions held by many of the story's characters.

Themes

1. Friendship and Loyalty: The bond between Charley and Otoo is central to the story. Their relationship highlights the theme that true friendship transcends race and culture.

2. Survival and Resilience: Both characters exhibit remarkable resilience in the face of numerous adversities, embodying the human instinct to survive against all odds. 

3. Cultural Prejudice and Acceptance: The story challenges the reader to reconsider their own prejudices by portraying Otoo, a "heathen," as a noble and heroic figure.

Title Significance

The title "The Heathen" is significant as it reflects the cultural prejudices of the time. Otoo is referred to as a heathen because of his non-Western origins and beliefs. However, as the story unfolds, it becomes clear that Otoo's moral compass and loyalty far exceed those of many so-called civilized individuals. The title thus serves as a critique of the superficial judgments based on cultural and racial differences.

Narrative Technique

Jack London employs a first-person narrative, allowing readers to see the world through Charley's eyes. This perspective is crucial as it provides an intimate understanding of Charley's evolving views on Otoo. The descriptive language vividly brings to life the exotic locales and perilous situations, immersing the reader in the adventure.

Moral of the Story

The moral of "The Heathen" is that true nobility and heroism are not determined by one's race or religion but by one's actions and character. The story advocates for the recognition and appreciation of humanity in all its forms, urging readers to look beyond superficial differences.